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Gwanak Mountain Tiger - Sign of Absence
Peik Ki-Young / Chief of Curatorial Team_Gyeonggi Museum of Modern Art
Aritst Byung-su Lee's work pursues abstract themes that cannot coincide with physical space, as in the project "Chasing Hope in Seoul," where Lee tracks places named "hope" based on internet research. This journey by an artist on a bicycle, searching for "hope" every day, makes one feel the utopian and empty vanity of chasing the rainbow. That is because his effort does not end simply in the search for names, but is an actual, painful journey on a bike. Along the way, he finds some physical places have ceased to exist; his journey to find hope results at times in photo images of his destination and at other times as the "no image" symbol that appears on the internet when there is no source.
Lee's subsequent work involves tracking the tiger, which is a long forgotten memory in people's minds, but may actually exist according to someone's imagination. In Lee's own words, he created a "process of trifling personal experiences being transformed into an event." As an observer or subject, he aims in his work to document what is actual or absent, the accidental and inevitable, consciousness and imagination, and possibility or blind faith. The reason a conceptual work as an academic research project has difficulty acquiring concrete discourse or critical language is because it is unclear whether to understand it as academic study or social relational art, as in the case of Byung-su Lee. His academic study finds signs that have been untouched by others.
Lee's "Gwanak Mountain Tiger Project" begins with tracking the tiger, which is believed to have disappeared from Korea. The Korean Ministry of Environment declared that tigers were extinct in the country, as they have not been discovered since the capture of one in 1924 in Hwengseong, Gangwondo. Lee's project is made in the form of a documentary in which three tiger experts are interviewed and asked to speculate on the habitat of Mt. Gwanak that would enable tigers to live there. The concern about the absence of the tiger, which has been a symbolic animal representing the Korean spirit, is revealed in the testimonies of the three experts. Diverse perspectives on the tiger are also revealed in interviews with a tiger scholar, a member of a tiger protection organization, and the head of a gene bank for tigers.
Specialists determine that since tigers only live in deep forests 400-800 meters above sea level, the landscape of Mt. Gwanak, 673 meters above sea level, could provide adequate living conditions for them. Aristocrats during the Chosun Dynasty testified that they had met tigers as they passed the Gwacheon ridge, but sufficient food such as small animals must exist for tigers to survive. We can imagine that the environment is now better for tigers, considering the recent frequent appearances of wild boars. Since it is the natural instinct of tigers to hide at the sight of humans, we may maintain the hope that perhaps they are not absent, but just in hiding, sustaining their lineage. In the surrounding ecological environment, however, there are not enough passages left to allow the frequent movement of wild animals. Mt. Gwanak borders Seoul city to the north, and exists as sort of an island stuck between satellite cities including Anyang and Gwacheon. In the isolated mountain of the city, Lee's work to track traces of tigers resembles his "Chasing Hope in Seoul" project.
The tiger moves along the Baekdudaegan, which is the backbone of the Korean peninsula, through Sikhote-alin and Russia. The number of the species has dropped sharply there, too, leaving only a few in zoos. The Mt. Gwanak landscape documented by Lee shows a natural space without tigers. It is nature seen from the viewpoint of wild animals, which move secretly up and down the mountain when humans are gone, or watch hikers from concealed places. Byung-su Lee's Mt. Gwanak Tiger Research Institute focuses on how collective belief and imagination are created, and how this activates people's unconsciousness, through its process-oriented project.
President Soon-nam Lim of the Tiger Protection Association, who believes that restoration of tigers will bring a better future to Koreans, says many tigers were massacred during the occupation by Japan, and thus the legacy of the Korean nation was been cut off and spoiled. Lim claims that the political and social division of Korea is due to the absence of tigers. People attribute the cause of tiger extinction not only to hunting during the Japanese occupation, but also to destruction of the natural environment due to rapid industrialization and reckless development. Such factors influence not only the habitat of tigers but also the lives of humans who live in these environments.
In his project, Lee asks what significance the animal called tiger has for Koreans. His question does not concern only an animal facing extinction in an ecological context. The collective national unconsciousness projected on the tiger gives birth to a national pessimism or reactionism penetrating the modern history of Korea. Frantz Fanon, who took part in the liberation movement of Algeria, stated, "The traditional weakness that inevitably exists in the national consciousness of underdeveloped countries is not something that was formed because imperialism oppressed the people of the colonies. It is also a result of intellectual laziness, mental poverty and a deeply-rooted global way of thinking on the part of the national bourgeoisie.¡± While Fanon attempts a treatment for the collective unconscious, so that the colonized people may escape from their own oppression, Lee's tiger research digs into the archaeological strata of national collective unconsciousness.
A few years ago at a symposium, Min Choi brought up the circular issue of the nation and nationalism, saying, "It is a narrative that typically belongs to mythology. Therefore, impossible attempts are always made to trace back to the origin. This is a conclusion of the superstitious imagination that there is a divine and pure prototype of the origin, which is not contaminated or altered.¡± As he has pointed out, the tiger is linked to the Dangun myth, as a symbol of national purity and prayer. ¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡ 1) Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Kyoung-tae Nam, Grinbi, 2005. 2) Min Choi, What is "national" in visual culture studies, International Academic Symposium, Transcending Nationalism in Visual Culture, Art Sonje Center, Dec. 2006, p. 2. |